Byock, I.: Dying well: the prospect for growth at the end of life, Riverhead Books, New York, 1997.
Remen, R.: Kitchen table wisdom, Riverhead Books, New York, 1996.
Wong, D.: Principles of atraumatic care. In Feeg, V. (Ed.): Proceedings and Report of Pediatric Nursing Forum on the Future: Looking Toward the 21st Century, Anthony J. Jannetti, Inc., NJ, 1989.
Bruce, J.L., and Grove, S.K.: Fever: pathology and treatment, Crit. Care Nurse 12(1):40-49, 1992.
Holtzclaw, B.J.: Monitoring body temperature, AACN Clin. Iss. Crit. Care Nurse 4(1)44-55, 1993.
Holtzclaw, B.J.: Control of febrile shivering during amphotericin B therapy, Oncol Nurs Forum 17(4):521-524, 1990.
Holtzclaw, B.J. and Rutledge, D.N.: Use of amphotericin B in immunosuppressed patients with cancer, Part 2: Pharmacodynamics and nursing implications, Oncol Nurs Forum 17(5):737-742, 1990.
Reis, EC, Holubkov, R: Vapocoolant spray is equally effective as EMLA cream in reducing immunization pain in school-aged children, Pediatrics 100(6):1025, 1997.
BUFFERED LIDOCAINE: Buffered by adding 1 part of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (1mEq/ml) to 10 parts of 1% lidocaine (i.e., add 0.1 ml of sodium bicarbonate to 1 ml of lidocaine; for larger quantities, add 2 ml of sodium bicarbonate to 20 ml vial of lidocaine). Buffering at time of use is recommended because raising pH reduces its shelf life; label and date vial and discard after 7 days if unrefrigerated and 14 days if refrigerated.
Bartfield, J.M., and others: Buffered lidocaine as a local anesthetic: an investigation of shelf life, Ann. Emerg. Med. 21(1):16-19, 1992.
Davidson JA, Boom SJ: Warming lignocaine to reduce pain associated with injection, Brit Med J 05(6854):17-618,1992.
Hayward, CJ, and others: Investigation of bioequivalence and tolerability of intramuscular ceftriaxone injections by using l% lidocaine, buffered lidocaine, and sterile water diluents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40(2):485-487, 1996.
Wong, D.L.. and Pasero, C.L.: Using local anesthetics to control procedural pain, Am J Nurs 97(1):17, 1997.
Wong, D.L. and Pasero, C.L.: Reducing the pain of lidocaine, Am J Nurs 97(1):17-18, 1997.
EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics [lidocaine and prilocaine]): To produce local anesthesia that lasts up to 4 hours, EMLA cream is placed on the skin and covered with an occlusive dressing for at least 60 minutes (longer time produces deeper and longer anesthesia). For IM injection, keep on skin for 2½ hours. Available by prescription from Astra Zeneca Pharmaceuticals; for information call 800-236-9933; www.emla-usa.com.
Koren, G.: Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA), NY, 1995, Marcel Dekker.
Taddio, A., and others: Effect of lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) on pain of intramuscular Fluzone injection, Can. J. Hosp. Pharm 45(6):227-230, 1992.
Valenzuela, R.C. and Rosen, D.A.: Topical lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) for thoracostomy tube removal, Anesth Analg 88:1107-1108, 1999.
Ashburn, M.A. and others: Iontophoretic administration of 2% lidocaine HCI and 1:100,000 epinephrine in humans, Clin J Pain 13(1):22-26, 1997.
Kim MK, Kini NM, Troshynski TJ & Hennes HM: A randomized clinical trial of dermal anesthesia by iontophoresis for peripheral intravenous catheter placement in children, Annals Emerg Med 33(4):395-399, 1999.
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Reducing the Anxiety and Pain of Injections: A guide based on a composite of research data, clinical studies, and expert opinion, Reorder # BDM#01. Available from Becton Dickinson Media Center, 1 Becton Dr., Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417; 800-ALL-MEDIA; fax 1-201-847-4862.
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Shoaf, J. and Oliver S.: Efficacy of normal saline injection with and without heparin for maintaining intermittent intravenous site, Applied Nurs Res 5(1):9-12, 1992.
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Tisdale, M.J.: Cancer anorexia and cachexia, Nutrition 17(5):438-442, 2001.
Information on wound healing and hydrocolloid dressings (DuoDerm) is available from ConvaTec, Inc. Professional Services, 800-422-8811, www.convatec.com.
ILEX Dermalyte Protective Barrier Ointment that adheres to moist wounds is available from MEDCON Products, Inc., 50 Brigham Hill Rd. Grafton, MA 01519; (800) 443-6332, FAX 508-839-0511, Email:Medcom1@worldnet.att.net; www.medconbiolab.com.
Klein AD, Penneys NS : Aloe vera, J Am Acad Dermatol 18:714-720, 1988.
Berger, A. and others: Oral capsaicin provides temporary relief for oral mucositis pain secondary to chemotherapy/radiation therapy, J Pain Symptom Manage 10(3):243-248, 1995.
Bruera E, Neumann CM. : Role of methadone in the management of pain in cancer patients. Oncology 13(9):1275-1282, 1999.
Fusco, B.M. and Giacovazzo, M.: Peppers and pain. The promise of capsaicin, Drugs 53(6):909-914, 1997.
Manfredi PL, Gonzales GR, Cheville AL, Kornick C, Payne R.: Methadone analgesia in cancer pain patients on chronic methadone maintenance therapy, J Pain Symptom Manage, 2001 21(2):169-174, 2001.
Mercadante S, Casuccio A, Fulfaro F, Groff L, Boffi R, Villari P, Gebbia V, Ripamonti C.: Switching from morphine to methadone to improve analgesia and tolerability in cancer patients: a prospective study, J Clin Oncol. 19(11):2898-2904, 2001.
McCaffery M. and Pasero C.: The merits of methadone, Am J Nurs 100(7):22-23, 2000, www.nursingcenter.com.
Pasero C.L.: Transdermal fentanyl for chronic pain, Am J Nurs 97(11):17-18, 1997, www.nursingcenter.com.
Scholes CF, Gonty N, Trotman IF: Methadone titration in opioid-resistant cancer pain. Eur J Cancer Care 8(1):26-29, 1999.
Susman E.: Two-step titration weans patients from IV to patch fentanyl without breakthrough pain, Oncol Times 23(6):36, 2001.
March 15, 2002
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