EHS: WOW-Selected Bibliography and Notes: Atraumatic Care

Bibliography
Selected Bibliography and Notes: Atraumatic Care

General

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics and Committee on Hospital Care: Palliative care for children, Pediatrics 106(2):351-357, 2000.

Barber, J.: Suffering children hurt us, Pediatrician 16:119-123, 1989.

Byock, I.: Dying well: the prospect for growth at the end of life, Riverhead Books, New York, 1997.

Fagan, P.: Pumpkin: a young woman's struggle with lupus, Braden Pub. Co., Boston, 1994. (To order, ISBN 0-8283-1961-8, call 800-359-7031)

Frank, L.S.: The ethical imperative to treat pain in infants: are we doing the best we can?, Crit Care Nurs 17(5):80-87, 1997.

Furdon, S and others: Operationalizing Donna Wong's principle of atraumatic care: pain management protocol in the NICU, Pediatr Nurs 24(4): 336-342, 1998.

Kennedy RM & Luhmann JD: The "ouchless emergency department": getting closer: advances in decreasing distress during painful procedures in the emergency department, Pediatr Clin North Am 46(6):1215-1247, 1999.

Offsay, J.B.: The pain of childhood leukemia: a parent's recollection, J. Pain Symptom Man. 4(4):174-178, 1989.

Price, PJ: Parents' perceptions of the meaning of quality nursing care, Adv Nurs Sci 16(1):33-41, 1993.

Remen, R.: Kitchen table wisdom, Riverhead Books, New York, 1996.

Schechter NL and others: The ouchless place: no pain, children's gain, Pediatrics 99:890-894, 1997.

Wong, D.: Principles of atraumatic care. In Feeg, V. (Ed.): Proceedings and Report of Pediatric Nursing Forum on the Future: Looking Toward the 21st Century, Anthony J. Jannetti, Inc., NJ, 1989.

Parent/Child Stressors

Caty, S., Ritchie, J., and Ellerton, M.: Helping hospitalized preschoolers manage stressful situations: the mother's role, Child. Health Care 18(4):202-209, 1989.

Curley, M.A.: Effects of the nursing mutual participation model of care of parental stress in the pediatric intensive care unit, Heart & Lung 17(6, part 1):682-688, 1988.

Heuer, L.: Parental stressors in a pediatric intensive care unit, Pediatr. Nurs. 19(2):128-131, 1993.

Johnson, P.A., Nelson, G.L., and Brunnquell, D.J.: Parent and nurse perceptions of parent stressors in the pediatric intensive care unit, Child. Health Care 17(2):98-105, 1988.

Kasper, J.W., and Nyamathi, A.M.: Parents of children in the pediatric intensive care unit: what are their needs?, Heart & Lung 17(5):574-581, 1988.

LaMontagne, L.L., and Pawlak, R.: Stress and coping of parents of children in a pediatric intensive care unit, what are their needs?,Heart & Lung 19(4):416-421, 1990.

Miles, M.: Parents of critically ill premature infants: sources of stress, Crit. Care Nurs. Q. 12(3):69-74, 1989.

Miles, M., and others: The pediatric intensive care unit environment as a source of stress for parents, Maternal-Child Nurs. J. 18(3):199-206, 1989.

Philichi, L.M.: Family adaptation during a pediatric intensive care hospitalization, J. Pediatr. Nurs. 4(4):268-276, 1989.

Thurman, S., and Horteland, C.: The behavior of mothers and fathers toward their infants during neonatal intensive care visits, Child. Health Care 18(4):147-251, 1989.

Tichy, A.M., and others: Stressors in pediatric intensive care units, Pediatr. Nurs. 14(1):40-42, 1988.

Circumcision

American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Circumcision: Circumcision policy statement, Pediatrics 103(3):686-693, 1999.

"Circumcision: Information for Parents" is available from American Academy of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Blvd., PO Box 747, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0747; Phone: 800-433-9016; Fax: 847-228-1281; Website: www.aap.org.

Hardwick-Smith, S. and others: Ring block for neonatal circumcision, Obstet Gynecol 91:930-934, 1998.

Lander, J. and others: Comparision of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision, JAMA 278:2157-2162, 1997.

Spencer, D.M., and others: Dorsal penile nerve block in neonatal circumcision: chloroprocaine versus lidocaine, Am J Perinat 9(3):214-218, 1992.

Williamson, M.L.: Circumcision anesthesia: a study of nursing implications for dorsal penile nerve block, Pediatr Nurs 23:59-63, 1997.

Fever

Bruce, J.L., and Grove, S.K.: Fever: pathology and treatment, Crit. Care Nurse 12(1):40-49, 1992.

Holtzclaw, B.J.: Monitoring body temperature, AACN Clin. Iss. Crit. Care Nurs. 4(1)44-55, 1993.

Newman, J.: Evaluation of sponging to reduce body temperature in febrile children, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 132:641-642, 1985.

Sharber, J.: The efficacy of tepid sponge bathing to reduce fever in young children, Am J Emerg Med 15:188-192, 1997.

Topical Anesthetics

LAT or LET (Lidocaine-Adrenaline/Epinephrine-Tetracaine (preferred to Tetracaine-Adrenaline-Cocaine or TAC): To produce local anesthesia for repair of lacerations, LAT solution is placed on wound for 15 minutes. LAT is preferred to TAC because it is safer and less expensive. Neither are used on end arterioles (ear lobes, glans of penis, digits, or nasal alae) because of vasoconstriction (cocaine, adrenaline) or on mucosa because of increased absorption (cocaine).

Ernst, A., and others: Lidocaine adrenaline tetracaine gel versus tetracaine adrenaline cocaine gel for topical anesthesia in linear scalp and facial lacerations in children ages 5 to 17 years, Pediatrics 95(2):255-258, 1995.

Reis, EC, Holubkov, R: Vapocoolant spray is equally effective as EMLA cream in reducing immunization pain in school-aged children, Pediatrics 100(6):1025, 1997.

Schilling, CG. and others: Tetracaine, epinephrine (adrenalin), and cocaine (TAC) versus lidocaine , epinephrine, and tetracaine (LET) for anesthesia of lacerations in children, Annals of Emergency Medicine 25:203-208, 1995.

Smith G.A. and others: New non-cocaine-containing topical anesthetics compared with tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine during repair of lacerations, Pediatr 100(5):825-830, 1997.

DERMABOND Tissue Adhesive: For more information, contact Ethicon Inc., Johnson & Johnson Co., PO Box 151, Somerville, NJ 08876; www.ethiconinc.com.

Herod, EL: Cyanoacrylates in dentistry: a review of the literature, J Canadian Dental Assoc, 56(4):331-334, 1990.

Osmond, M.H., Klassen, T.P., Quinn, J.V.: Economic comparison of a tissue adhesive and suturing in the repair of pediatric facial lacerations, The Journal of Pediatrics 126(6):892-895, 1995.

Simon, H.K. and others: Long-term appearance of lacerations repaired using a tissue adhesive, Pediatrics 99(2):193-195, 1997.

BUFFERED LIDOCAINE: Buffered by adding 1 part of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (1mEq/ml) to 10 parts of 1% lidocaine (i.e., add 0.1 ml of sodium bicarbonate to 1 ml of lidocaine; for larger quantities, add 2 ml of sodium bicarbonate to 20 ml vial of lidocaine). Buffering at time of use is recommended because raising pH reduces its shelf life; label and date vial and discard after 7 days if unrefrigerated and 14 days if refrigerated.

Bartfield, J.M., and others: Buffered lidocaine as a local anesthetic: an investigation of shelf life, Annals of Emergency Medicine 21(1):16-19, 1992.

Davidson JA, Boom SJ: Warming lignocaine to reduce pain associated with injection, Brit Med J 05(6854):17-618,1992.

Fry, C. and Aholt, D.: Local anesthesia prior to the insertion of peripherally inserted central catheters, J Infusion Nurs 24(6):404-408, 2001..

Hayward, CJ, and others: Investigation of bioequivalence and tolerability of intramuscular ceftriaxone injections by using l% lidocaine, buffered lidocaine, and sterile water diluents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40(2):485-487, 1996.

Schichor, A. and others: Lidocaine as a diluent for ceftriaxone in the treatment of gonorrhea, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 148:72-75, 1994.

Wong, D.L.. and Pasero, C. L.: Using local anesthetics to control procedural pain, Am J Nurs 97(1):17, 1997.

Wong, D.L. and Pasero, C.L.: Reducing the pain of lidocaine, Am J Nurs 97(1):17-18, 1997.

EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics [lidocaine and prilocaine]): To produce local anesthesia that lasts up to 4 hours, EMLA cream is placed on the skin and covered with an occlusive dressing for at least 60 minutes (longer time produces deeper and longer anesthesia). For IM injection, keep on skin for 2½ hours. Available by prescription from Astra Pharmaceuticals; for information call 800-236-9933.

Benini, F., and others: Topical anesthesia during circumcision in newborn infants, JAMA 270(7):850-853, 1993.

Gourrier E, and others: Use of EMLA cream in a Department of Neonatology, Pain 68:431-434, 1996.

Halperin S and others: Lidocaine-prilocaine patch decreases the pain associated with the subcutaneous administration of MMR vaccine but does not adversely affect the antibody response, J Pediatr 136(6):789-794, 2000.

Himelstein, B.P. and others: Topical application of lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) cream reduces the pain of intramuscular infiltration of saline solution, The Journal of Pediatrics 129(5):718-721, 1996.

Juhlin, L, and Evers, H.: EMLA: a new topical anesthetic, Adv. Dermatol. 5:75-92, 1990.

Koren, G.: Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA ), NY, 1995, Marcel Dekker.

Lander J and others: Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA 278(24):2157-2162, 1997.

Law, M.T. and others: Measurement of methemoglobin after EMLA analgesia for newborn circumcision, Biol Neonate 70:213-217, 1996.

Taddio, A., and others: Effect of lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) on pain of intramuscular Fluzone injection, Can. J. Hosp. Pharm 45(6):227-230, 1992.

Taddio, A., and others: Efficacy and safety of lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) for pain during circumcision, NEJM 336(17):1197-1201, April 1997.

Taddio, A, and others: A systematic review of lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) in the treatment of acute pain in neonates, Pediatr 101(2):299, 1998.

Valenzuela, R.C. and Rosen, D.A.: Topical lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) for thoracostomy tube removal, Anesth Analg 88:1107-1108, 1999.

Wong, D.L.: Over coming 'needle phobia' with EMLA, Am. J. Nurs. 65(2):24, 1995.

Iontophoresis (Numby Stuff)

Ashburn, M.A. and others: Iontophoretic administration of 2% lidocaine HCI and 1:100,000 epinephrine in humans, Clin J Pain 13(1):22-26, 1997.

Kim MK, Kini NM, Troshynski TJ & Hennes HM: A randomized clinical trial of dermal anesthesia by iontophoresis for peripheral intravenous catheter placement in children, Annals Emerg Med 33(4):395-399, 1999.

Automatic Lancet Devices

Blain-Lewis, N.: Comparative studies of bruising and healing after heelstick, Neonatal Intensive Care 5(5):18-21, 1992.

Dennehy, P.: Heel blood sampling on older infants, Neonatal Intensive Care 5(5):21-23, 1992.

Meehan, RM: Heelsticks in neonates for capillary blood sampling, Neonat Network 17(1):17-24, 1998.

Paes, B., and others: A comparative study of heel-stick devices for infant blood collection, Am. J. Dis. Child. 147:346-348, 1993.

Information on Tenderfoot & Tenderlett is available from International Technidyne Corp., 8 Olsen Ave., Edison, NJ; 800-631-5945.

Other Atraumatic Approaches for Invasive Procedures

Barker, DP and others: Capillary blood sampling: should the heel be warmed? Arch Dis Childhood, 74(1):F139-F140, 1996.

Broadman, L.M.: Blocks and other techniques pediatric surgeons can employ to reduce postoperative pain in pediatric patients, Seminars Pediatr Surg 18(1):30-33, 1999.

Catudal, J.: Pediatric IV therapy: actual practice, J Venous Access Devices 4(1):27-29, 1999.

Clark, L.M., and Manworren, R.: Immunizations: could they hurt less?, J Pediatr Health Care 15(6):322-323, 2001.

Chordas, C.: Post-dural puncture headache and other complications after lumbar puncture, J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 18(6):244-259, 2001.

Fitzgerald M: Pain in infancy: some unanswered questions, Pain Review 2:77-91, 1995.

Gray, M.: Atraumatic urethral catheterization of children, Pediatr Nurs 22(4):306-310, 1996.

Horn, MI, and McCarthy, AM: Children's responses to sequential versus simultaneous immunization injections, Journal of Pediatric Health Care 13(1):18-23, 1999.

Jimenez, J., Turley, C., and Quiggins, C.: A quality circle improves pediatric phlebotomy, Medical Lab. Observer 29(7):85-87, 1988.

Larsson, B.A., and others: Venipuncture is more effective and less painful than heel lancing for blood tests in neonates, Pediatrics 101(5):882-886, 1998.

Reducing the Anxiety and Pain of Injections: A guide based on a composite of research data, clinical studies, and expert opinion, Reorder # BDM#01. Available from Becton Dickinson Media Center, 1 Becton DR., Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417; 800-ALL-MEDIA; fax 1-201-847-4682.

Reis, E.C. and others: Taking the sting out of shots: control of vaccination-associated pain and adverse reactions, Pediatr Annals 27(6):375-386, 1998.

Santolucito, J.B.: A retrospective evaluation of the timeliness of physician initiated PICC referrals, J Access Devices Vascular 6(3):20-26, 2001.

Wozniak, E. and others: Low-concentration morphine infusion does not compromise packed red blood cell transfusion, J Pain Symptom Manage 22(2):668-671, 2001.

Heparin vs Saline Flushes

Beecroft PC and others: Intravenous lock patency in children: dilute heparin versus saline, J Pediatr Pharm Practice 2(4):211-223, 1997.

Crews BE and others: Effects of varying intervals between heparin flushes on pediatric catheter longevity, Pediatr Nurs 23(1):87-91, 1997.

Danek, G.D., and Noris, E.M.: Pediatric IV catheters: efficacy of saline flush, Pediatr. Nurs. 18(2):111-113, 1992.

Goode, C.J., and others: A meta-analysis of effects of heparin flush and saline flush: quality and cost implications, Nurs. Res. 40(6):324-330, 1991.

Gyr P and others: Double blind comparison of heparin and saline flush solutions in maintenance of peripheral infusion devices, Pediatr Nurs 21(4):383-389, 366, 1995.

Hanrahan, K.S., Kleiber, C., and Fagan, C.: Evaluation of saline for IV locks in children, Pediatr. Nurs. 20(6):549-552, 1994.

Heilskov J and others: A randomized trial of heparin and saline for maintaining intravenous locks in neonates, JSPN 3(3):111-116, 1998.

Kleiber, C., and others: Heparin vs. saline for peripheral IV locks in children, Pediatr. Nurs. 19:405-409, 1993.

Kotter RW: Heparin vs saline for intermittent intravenous device maintenance in neonates, Neonat Network 15(6):43-47, 1966.

LeDuc K: Efficacy of normal saline solution versus heparin solution for maintaining patency of peripheral intravenous catheters in children, J Emerg Nurs 23(4):306-309, 1997.

Lombardi TP and others: Efficacy of 0.9% sodium chloride injection with or without heparin sodium for maintaining patency of intravenous catheters in children, Clinical Pharm 7(11):832-836, 1988.

McMullen, A., and others: Heparinized saline or normal saline as a flush solution in intermittent intravenous lines in infants and children, MCN 18(2):78-85, 1993.

Mudge B, Forcier D, and Slattery MJ: Patency of 24-gauge peripheral intermittent infusion devices: a comparison of heparin and saline flush solutions, Pediatr Nurs, 24(2):142-149, 1998.

Nelson TJ &Graves SM: 0.9% sodium chloride injection with and without heparin for maintaining peripheral indwelling intermittent-infusion devices in infants, Am J Health-Syst Pharm 55:570-573, 1998.

Paisley MK and others: The use of heparin and normal saline flushes in neonatal intravenous catheters, Pediatr Nurs 23(5):521-527, 1997.

Robertson J: Intermittent intravenous therapy: a comparison of two flushing solutions, Contemp Nurs 3(4):174-179, 1994.

Treas, L.S., and Latinis-Bridges, B.: Efficacy of heparin in peripheral venous infusion in neonates, J. Obste rt. Gyn. Neonat. Nurs. 21(3):214-219, 1992.

Restraints

Selekman, J., and Snyder, B.: Institutional policies on the use of physical restraints on children, Pediatr Nurs 23(5):531-537, 1997.

Selekman, J., and Snyder, B.: Nursing perceptions of using physical restraints on hospitalized children, Pediatr Nurs 21(5):460-464, 1995.

Selekman, J., and Snyder, B.: Uses of and alternatives to restraints in pediatric settings, AACN Clin Issues 7(4):603-610, 1996.

Preoperative Fasting (NPO)

Crawford, M., and others: Effects on duration of fasting on gastric fluid pH and volume in healthy children, Anesth. Analg. 71:400-403, 1990.

Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting, Anesthesiology 90(3):896-905,1999. (www.asahq.org/practice/NPO/NPOguide.html)

Schreiner, M., and others: Ingestion of liquids compared with preoperative fasting in pediatric outpatients, Anesthesiology 72:593-597, 1990.

van der Walt and others: A study of preoperative fasting in infants aged less than three months, Anaesthesia & Intensive Care 18(4):527-531, 1990.

Noise

Strauch, C., Brandt S., & Edwards-Beckett, J.: Implementation of a quiet hour: effect on noise levels and infant sleep states, Newnatal Network 12(2):31-35, 1993.

Thomas, K.: How the NICU environment sounds to a preterm infant, MCN 14:149-251, 1989.

Weibley, T.: Inside the incubator, MCN 14:96-100, 1989.

Wong, D.: Changing what children hear in the ICU can lower intracranial pressure, Am. J. Nurs. 88(3):279-280, 1988.

Zahr, L.K. & De Traversay, J.: Premature infant responses to noise reduction by earmuffs: effects on behavioral and physiologic measures, J Perinatology 15(6):448-455,1995.

Zwick, M.B.: Decreasing environmental noise in the NICU through staff education, Neonatal Intensive Care 6(2):16-19, 1993.

Information on MiniMuffs Neonatal Noise Attenuators is available from Natus Medical Inc., 1501 Industrial Rd, San Carlos CA 94070-4111, 650-802-0400; Fax: 650-802-0401; Website: www.natus.com.

Suctioning

Ackerman, M.H.: The effect of saline lavage prior to suctioning, Am J Crit Care 2(4):326-330, 1993.

Brodsky, L., Reidy, M., and Stanievich, J.: The effects of suctioning techniques on the distal tracheal mucosa in intubated low-birth-weight infants, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 14(1):1-14, 1987.

Giganti, AW: Lifesaving tubes, lifetime scars? MCN 20:192-197, 1995.

Kleiber, C., Kurtzfield, N., and Rose, E.F.: Acute histologic changes in the tracheobronchial tree associated with different suction catheter insertion techniques, Heart & Lung, 17(1):10-14, 1988.

Warnock, C., and Porpora, K.: A pediatric trach card: transforming research into practice, Pediatr. Nurs. 20(2):187, 1994.
Note: centimeter scale on trach card is not accurate in article.

Sucrose Analgesia for Infants

To make an approximate 24% sucrose solution, add 1 teaspoon of table sugar to 4 teaspoons of sterile water. Use this solution to coat the pacifier or administer 2 ml to the tongue 2 minutes before the procedure.

Allen, K.D., White, D.D., Walburn, J.D.: Sucrose as an analgesic agent for infants during immunization injections, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 150:270-274, 1996.

Barr, RG and others: "Sucrose analgesia" and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunizations at 2 and 4 months, J Dev Behav Pediatr 16(4):220-225, 1995.

Bilgen, H., and others: Comparison of sucrose, expressed breast milk, and breast-feeding on the neonatal response to heel prick, J Pain 2(5):301-305, 3002.

Blass, E.M., Hoffmeyer, L.B.: Sucrose as an analgesic for newborn infants, Pediatrics 88(3):655, 1991.

Blass EM, Watt LB: Suckling- and sucrose-induced analgesia in human newborns, Pain 83(3):611-623, 1999.

Bucher, H.U. and others: Sucrose reduces pain reaction to heel lancing in preterm infants: a placebo-controlled, randomized and masked study, Pediatr Res 38(3):332-335, 1995.

Haouari, N. and others: The analgesic effect of sucrose in full term infants: a randomised controlled trial, Brit Med J 310(6993):1498-1500, 1995.

Miller, A., Barr, R.G., Young, S.N.: The cold pressor test in children: methodological aspects and the analgesic effect of intraoral sucrose, Pain 56(2):175-183, 1994.

Rushforth, J. A. and Levene, M.I.: The effect of sucrose on crying in response to heel stab, Arch Dis Child 69(3):388-389, 1993.

Stevens, B and others: The efficacy of sucrose for relieving pain in neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Acta Paediat 86:837-842, 1997.

Skin Care

Cartlidge, P.H.T., Fox, P.E., and Rutter, N.: The scars of newborn intensive care, Early Human Dev. 21:1-10, 1990.

Hagelgans, N.A.: Pediatric skin care issues for the home care nurse. Pediatr. Nurs. 19(5):499-507, 1993.

Lund, C.H. and others: Disruption of barrier function in neonatal skin associated with adhesive removal, The Journal of Pediatrics 131(3):367-372, 1997.

Lund, C and others: Neonatal skin care: the scientific basis for practice, JOGNN 28:241-254, 1999.

Rudy, SJ: From conception to birth: the development of skin and nursing care implications, Dermatol. Nurs. 3(6):281-390, 1991.

Siegfried, E.C.: Neonatal skin and skin care, Dermatol Clinics 16(3):437-446, 1998.

Information on wound healing and hydrocolloid dressings (DuoDerm) is available from ConvaTec, Inc. Professional Services, (800) 422-8811, www.convatec.com.

ILEX Dermalyte Protective Barrier Ointment that adheres to moist wounds is available from MEDCON Products, Inc., 50 Brigham Hill Rd. Grafton, MA 01509; (800) 443-6332, Fax: 508-839-0511 Medcom1@worldnet.att.net, or from ConvaTec.

Information on hydrogel products (electrodes, temperature probe, eye shields, tape) is available from Sentry Medical Products, 17171 Murphy, Irvine CA 92714; (800) 854-6004, Fax: 800-733-0910.

Family Centered Care

Coyne, I.T.: Partnership in care: parents' views of participation in their hospitalized child's care, J. Clin. Nurs. 4:71-79, 1995.

Darbyshire, P.: Living with a sick child in hospital, New York, 1994, Chapman & Hall.

Darbyshire, P: Parents, nurses, and paediatric nursing: a critical review, J. Adv. Nurs. 18(11):1670-80, 1993.

Jellinek, J., and others: Facing tragic decisions with parents in the neonatal intensive care unit: clinical perspectives, Neonatal Intens. Care, 5(3):24-29, 1992. (Excellent overview of supportive approaches to preparing and including families in making difficult decisions about their child.)

Hostler, S.L.: Family-centered care, Pediatr. Clin. North Amer. 38(6):1545-1560, 1991.

Krahn, G.L., Hallum, A., and Kime, C.: Are there good ways to give 'bad news'? Pediatr. 91(3)578-582, 1993.

Project Copernicus: Train-the-Trainer Series, Family-Centered Service Delivery is available from Kennedy Krieger Institute, Department of Family Support Sefvices, 2901 East Biddle St., Baltimore, Maryland 21213; Phone (410) 502-9773; Fax (410) 502-9766; TDD (410) 502-9758; E-mail: perry@kennedykrieger.org.

Rushton, C.H.: Family-centered care in the critical care setting: myth or reality?, Child. Health Care 19(2):68-78, 1990.

Other excellent materials are available from Institute for Family-Centered Care, 7900 Wisconsin Ave., Suite 405, Bethesda, Maryland 20814; Phone (301) 652-0281; Fax (301) 652-0186; Website: www.familycenteredcare.org.

Parental Presence During Procedures

Bauchner, H., Vinvi, R., and Waring, C.: Pediatric procedures: do parents want to watch?, Pediatrics 84(5):907-908, 1989.

Eichhorn, D.J., Meyers, T.A., and Guzzetta, C.E.: Family presence during resuscitation: it is time to open the door, Capsules & Comments in Critical Care Nursing 3(1):8-13, 1995.

Eichhorn, D.J., Meyers, T.A., and Guzzetta, C.E.: Letting the family say good-bye during CPR, Am. J. Nurs. 95(3):60, 1995.

Emergency Nurses Association Position Statement: Family presence at the bedside during invasive procedures and/or resuscitation, Park Ridge, IL, 1994, The Association (800-2GETENA).

Fina, D.K.: A chance to say goodbye, Am. J. Nurs. 94(5):42-45, 1994.

Fina D.K., and others: Parent participation in the postanesthesia care unit: fourteen years of progress at one hospital, J PeriAnesthesia Nurs 12(3):152-162, 1997.

Gauderer, M., Lorig, J., and Eastwood, D.: Is there a place for parents in the operating room?, J. Pediatr. Surgery 24(7):705-707, 1989.

Hamner, S., and Miles, M.: Coping strategies in children with cancer undergoing bone marrow aspirations, J. Assoc. Pediatr. Oncol. Nurs. 5(3):11-15,1988.

Hanson, C., and Strawser, D.: Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Foote hospital emergency department's nine-year perspective, Journal of Emergency Nursing 18(2):104-106, 1992.

Johnston, C., and others: Parental presence during anesthesia induction, AORN. 47(1):187-194, 1988.

Lambert, S.A.: Practice pearls, Soc. Pediatr. Nurs. News 3(1):11, 1994.

LaRosa-Nash, P.A. and others: Implementing parent-present induction program, AORN J. 61(3):526-531, 1995.

Meyers TA and others: Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation, Am J Nurs 100(2):32-42, 2000.

More on family presence during resuscitation (letters), Journal of Emergency Nursing 19(6):477-479, 1993.

Ross, D.M., and Ross, S.A.: Childhood pain: the school-aged child's viewpoint, Pain 29(2):179-191, 1984.

Sacchetti, A. and others: Family member presence during pediatric emergency department procedures, Pediatr Emerg Care 12(4):268-271, 199 6.

Weekes, D., Savedra, M.: Adolescent cancer: coping with treatment-related pain, J. Pediatr. Nurs. 3(5):318-328, 1988.

Sense of Control

Disbrow, E.A., and Bennet, H.L.: Effect of preoperative suggestion on postoperative gastrointestinal motility, West J. Med. 158:488-492, 1993.

Tsesis, V.A.: Creating the virtual office, Contemp. Pediatr. 12(2):103-109, 1995.

Volz, D.D.: Time structuring for hospitalized school-aged children, Issues Compr. Pediatr. Nurs. 5:205-210, 1981.

Soft-sculpture dolls and customized adapters and overlays preparing children and families about procedures and as teaching models for several medical conditions and procedures are available from Legacy Products, Inc., P.O. Box 267, Cambridge City, IN 47327; Phone/Fax: 1-800- 238-7951; E-mail: Legacyez2b@aol.com; Website: www.legacyproductsinc.com. .