1. The no-reflow phenomenon is an example of circulatory compromise in zone
   • A. 1.
   • B. 2.
   • C. 3.
   • D. 4.
2. Blood flow to the skin is highly variable due to the
   • A. varying metabolic demands of skin.
   • B. skin's role in thermoregulation.
   • C. skin's role as a sensory organ.
   • D. skin's role as a protective organ.
3. The surviving length of a random cutaneous flap can be increased by
   • A. widening the base of the flap.
   • B. performing a bipedicle delay in two stages.
   • C. incorporating a septocutaneous artery.
   • D. b and c.
4. Venous flaps
   • A. demonstrate the minimal nutritional requirements needed for flap survival.
   • B. demonstrate revascularization later than do composite flaps.
   • C. are more likely to survive when the feeding veins have valves.
   • D. will not survive without an arterial pedicle.
5. The primary insult to skin involved in the creation of a flap is
   • A. local release of epinephrine.
   • B. mechanical trauma.
   • C. impaired vascular supply.
   • D. increased epithelial tension.
6. Evidence of neovascularization of a flap placed in a favorable recipient site can first be detected _____________ after flap creation.
   • A. 6 hours
   • B. 1 day
   • C. 3 to 4 days
   • D. 7 to 10 days
7. Which of the following is not an advantage of using pigs in skin flap research?
   • A. Pigs have a fixed skin similar to human skin.
   • B. Pigs have musculocutaneous vessels.
   • C. Pig skin has biomechanical properties that closely approximate those of human skin.
   • D. Multiple flaps can be raised on the same animal.
8. Perfusion measurements are used in skin flap research to
   • A. quantify the effect of a particular agent on the blood flow to the flap.
   • B. obtain a baseline measurement to ensure that experimental control flaps have equivalent blood flow.
   • C. predict flap survival.
   • D. all of the above
9. Which of the following techniques will most reliably increase the survival of a random flap?
   • A. postoperative administration of a vasodilator
   • B. administration of an agent (e.g., pentoxifylline) to reduce erythrocyte deformity at the time of surgery
   • C. bipedicle flap delay
   • D. preoperative irradiation of the recipient site
10. Reperfusion of an ischemic flap 24 to 48 hours after creation
    • A. is partially due to depletion of local norepinephrine.
    • B. is a result of early neovascularization.
    • C. may create cellular damage through the formation of oxygen free radicals.
    • D. a and c

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